WebDAV theoretically supports file versioning, but quality across implementations varies: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3253

I think “writable snapshot” is (close to) what you’re after. I think they always encode the ‘branch name’ in the file path, but if you don’t do that, how would you refer to them?

NTFS has Volume Shadow Copies. It’s a bit different since they’re scheduled snaps.

SharePoint closely mirrors NTFS behavior which does do versioning on every change.