Habitat is not the problem for many avian pests, that's the thing. Doves, geese, ducks - they all don't require much else than a food and a water source to thrive, and that is the problem.
With no predators in place to eat them - cats don't hunt anything larger than a dove and they prefer mice and smaller rats anyway, stray dogs get killed off, wolves are extinct and birds of prey don't like urban areas - there is no upper external boundary to control their population.
Meanwhile, food is plenty. Unlike rats and mice, people (particularly the elderly) willingly attract the birds, when they go and walk through a park they deposit bread, grains, dairy, whatever they have on hand. I mean, I get it, watching a flock of birds is among the most relaxing experiences in green-devoid urban areas there is. But from a higher up POV, it's actually endangering these rare green spots (all that bird poo can literally lead to a stagnant body of water "flipping" from oxygen starvation from all the decomposing poo), and people don't get it. On top of that people are just careless, they throw their trash wherever they want (and all kinds of pests can pick them up), authorities don't take care about installing bird/raccoon/bear proof bins... it's an utter madness.
And just shooting up larger gathering places isn't an answer either. The locals may protest (either due to misguided love for the birds or due to the noise), it may not be legal to shoot them up in the first place, you can't poison them off either because any kind of poison would contaminate the water, and in doubt you'll just have a bigger population the next year.
People really seem to like building goose habitats, i.e. small bodies of water surrounded by short grass. Many of them get upset when geese show up to those habitats though.